Czech Gold-Leaf Electroscope (early 1900s)

Czech gold leaf electroscope

This is a gold leaf electroscope intended for qualitative demonstrations of electrostatic phenomena.

Unfortunately, it has no markings on it that would identify the manufacturer. However, my understanding is that it came from a university in the Czech Republic. As such, it is referred to as a Czech electroscope (even though it might have been manufactured elsewhere).

The body is glass. The condenser (Volta) plate, conduction rod and collar are brass. The two gold leaves attached to the bottom of the vertical conductor (support) rod are in good condition.

As a rule, it was desirable to employ electrically conductive glass for the body of an electroscope. This minimized the possibility that a static charge would accumulate on the surface of the glass—such a charge could affect the movement of the leaves.

Quoting Kolbe (1888): "It is important to choose a glass which conducts well, in order to get rid of the disturbing influence of the glass sides. Moreover, the glass vessel must be so spacious that the leaves, even when charged, are at a distance of 0.5 to 1 centimeters from the glass. If the glass is not a good conductor, the vessel should be so wide that the leaves (when horizontal) are at a distance of 2 to 2.5 centimeters from the glass."

Kolbe notes that electroscopes made of insulating glass "often fail in dry air; for such glass acts like a condenser, and only discharges slowly... Among 184 kinds [of glass] which I tried I only found 19 which I could use, and only three of these were very good."

It might be worth pointing out the long tubular glass insulator that surrounds the conduction rod—for this application, you would not want conductive glass. By having it extend the entire length of the conducting rod, you minimize any leakage current across its surface.

In general, a device known as an electrophorus would be used to transfer a charge to the condenser (the horizontal plate on the top).

Condensing Electroscopes and the Electrophorus

Condensing Electroscopes

Electroscope diagram

The defining feature of the condensing electroscope is the flat horizontal disk on top that is connected to the electroscope leaves (or leaf). This type of electroscope is primarily intended for electrostatic measurements but it can also be used to help identify the presence of radioactive material.  

A condensing electroscope is designed to be charged with the disk of a device known as an electrophorus. The dimensions of this disk are the same as those of the fixed disk on top of the electroscope. The handle of the electrophorus disk is a glass (or other insulating material) rod projecting at right angles from the back side of the disk.

Charging the Electrophorus Disk

Electroscope diagram

To begin, a charge must be generated on an insulating plate once known as the cake—this plate is considered part of the electrophorus. The charged plate (Figure 1) should have a smooth surface and be made from an insulating material (Teflon is perfect but plexiglass is a good choice). The plate is charged via friction by rubbing it with a material such as wool, silk or fur. Depending on the materials used, the resulting charge on the plate would be either negative (as shown here) or positive. The back (down) side of the insulating plate might, or might not, be in contact with a conductor that is grounded.

Electroscope diagram

Next, the neutral electrophorus disk is brought in contact with the insulating plate. For the purpose of this discussion, the plate is assumed to have a negative charge. Although they are in contact, the plate does not transfer a charge to the disk because the plate is an insulator. Nevertheless, there is a spatial separation of the positive and negative charges in the disk: the negative charges (electrons) are repelled to the up side of the disk farthest away from the plate thus leaving a positive charge on the down side of the disk that is in contact with the charged plate (Figure 2).

Next, the disk is grounded, e.g., by touching the top of the disk with a finger. This causes the electrons to travel to ground leaving the disk with a net positive charge (Figure 3). Finally, the ground is removed and the electrophorus disk lifted away from the insulating plate (Figure 4).

Electroscope diagram

Charging the Electroscope with the Electrophorus Disk by Conduction

There are two methods that can be used to charge the electroscope: by conduction and by induction.

To charge the electroscope by conduction, the electrophorus disk, which in this example has a positive charge, is brought into physical contact with the fixed disk on the electroscope Figure 3 below). Since electrons from the electroscope are drawn to electrophorus disk, the electroscope disk and leaf will be left with a net positive charge, the same charge as that on the electrophorus.

Electroscope diagram

Charging the Electroscope with the Electrophorus Disk by Induction

More control of the charge transferred to the electroscope can be obtained by charging it by induction in the following manner. The charged electrophorus disk is brought close to the fixed disk of the electroscope but the two are not allowed to touch. When the electrophorus disk is brought close, the electroscope leaves will separate. The reason is that the electrons are attracted to the upper surface of the electroscope disk, the side closest to the electrophorus, leaving the leaves with a positive charge. Since both leaves have the same charge, they separate (Figure 2). By moving the electrophorus disk away from or closer to the electroscope disk, the desired separation of the leaves can be obtained. Next the electroscope disk is grounded, e.g., by touching it. The electrons then travel to the disk leaving the electroscope with a net negative charge (Figure 3). The ground is removed (Figure 4) and the electrophorus lifted away from the electroscope leaving the electroscope with a net negative charge.

Czech Gold-Leaf Electroscope (early 1900s)

There is nothing particularly remarkable about this particular electroscope, but it is well made and in excellent condition.

Size: ca. 12" high, 4.5" diameter (maximum)

Reference

Kolbe, B. Electroscope for Purposes of Demonstration. Zet. fur Phys. und Chem. Unterricht. Vol. IV. 1888.